In Linux world, disk management is an important area. To know how to use the disk, there are a few basic concepts need to be well understood. The key tool to administrate disk is fdisk.

Linux fdisk

Basic concepts

1. naming conventions

Linux has the different naming conventions for IDE drives, SCSI Disks, SD card.

IDE drives: device names are like /dev/hda, /dev/hdb.
SCSI Drives: device names would be /dev/sda, /dev/sdb.
SD card: device names would be /dev/mmcblk0, /dev/mmcblk1.

Note: USB storage device is detected as SCSI drives. Also there is a special device file /dev/loop[0-7], which can be used to link to a disk file. we will cover it in another post.

2. partitioning

There are two different partition types: primary and extended partition. On one physical disk, it can have up to 4 primary partitions only. In order to have more partitions to be created, extended partition is introduced. Inside the extended partition, the logical partition can be created. There is no limit of number of logical partitions to be created inside an extended partition.

3. file systems

A filesystem is the methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a partition. In Linux, there are a number of different file systems supported for disk: FAT, ext2, ext3, ext4. To find what are all supported file systems in a running linux, do “cat /proc/filesystems”.

weng@weng-u1604:~$ cat /proc/filesystems
nodev	sysfs
nodev	rootfs
nodev	ramfs
nodev	bdev
nodev	proc
nodev	cpuset
nodev	cgroup
nodev	tmpfs
nodev	devtmpfs
nodev	debugfs
nodev	tracefs
nodev	securityfs
nodev	sockfs
nodev	pipefs
nodev	devpts
	ext3
	ext2
	ext4
nodev	hugetlbfs
	vfat
nodev	ecryptfs
	fuseblk
nodev	fuse
nodev	fusectl
nodev	pstore
nodev	mqueue
nodev	autofs
nodev	vboxsf
weng@weng-u1604:~$

Administrate tool: fdisk

There are many disk administrating tools to edit disk partitions: most popular tool is fdisk.

GParted is a fancy tool, can create, resize partitions. Here we focus on “fdisk” tool as it is avaiable in most linux enviroment.

1. Find the list of existing hard disks

Below is output from my ubuntu 16.04 VM running inside VirtualBox.

weng@weng-u1604:~$ sudo fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 200 GiB, 214748364800 bytes, 419430400 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x6bd39d03

Device     Boot     Start       End   Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1  *         2048 411043839 411041792  196G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2       411045886 419428351   8382466    4G  5 Extended
/dev/sda5       411045888 419428351   8382464    4G 82 Linux swap / Solaris
weng@weng-u1604:~$

In this case, the majority space is allocated in primary parition “/dev/sda1”, and “/dev/sda2” is created as a extended partition, which has a logical partition “/dev/sda5” used as swap space.

Another example below from a centos box, which has a 1 T SCSI hard drive and a 1GB USB memory stick inserted.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000afcd6

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          64      512000   83  Linux
/dev/sda2              64      121602   976248832   8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/mapper/vg_sgcentoshv1-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/vg_sgcentoshv1-lv_swap: 25.3 GB, 25341984768 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 3080 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/mapper/vg_sgcentoshv1-lv_home: 920.6 GB, 920645533696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 111928 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00000000


Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *           1       10584      978943+   6  FAT16
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *           1       10584      978943+   6  FAT16
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

Some explanantions: there are two physical disks detected as “/dev/sda”, and “dev/sdb”.

"/dev/sda" is the 1T SCSI hard drive, it has one primary partition "/dev/sda1" which is marked bootable; there is second primary partition, which is configured to be usd by Logical Volume Manager (LVM). Inside this partition, there is one Volume Group, which has three Logical Volume created. See next post for details regarding LVM.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# vgdisplay
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               vg_sgcentoshv1
  System ID
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  4
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                3
  Open LV               3
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               931.02 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              238341
  Alloc PE / Size       238341 / 931.02 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
  VG UUID               3CQarS-xJz8-rzmI-2nxh-j4pK-qUFr-wrRXki

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# lvdisplay
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg_sgcentoshv1/lv_root
  LV Name                lv_root
  VG Name                vg_sgcentoshv1
  LV UUID                ebnL5k-Gmac-6gqE-PPF5-9925-qRUM-VH24Co
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time sg-centos-hv1.cisco.com, 2014-10-02 14:50:57 -0700
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                50.00 GiB
  Current LE             12800
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:0

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg_sgcentoshv1/lv_home
  LV Name                lv_home
  VG Name                vg_sgcentoshv1
  LV UUID                qZYut3-A0vR-uKrO-fNR6-22Jp-oa0z-NqmfKy
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time sg-centos-hv1.cisco.com, 2014-10-02 14:51:23 -0700
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                857.42 GiB
  Current LE             219499
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:2

  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/vg_sgcentoshv1/lv_swap
  LV Name                lv_swap
  VG Name                vg_sgcentoshv1
  LV UUID                BpTs4P-7cIH-C1ee-tajj-lqx2-I2Pq-A9gy3s
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time sg-centos-hv1.cisco.com, 2014-10-02 14:58:08 -0700
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                23.60 GiB
  Current LE             6042
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:1

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

"/dev/sdb" is 1GB USB memory stick, which has FAT16 file system. It will be used in the following to do some fdisk exercise.

2. Create partitions interactively

2.1 First delete the existing partition which takes all the space.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *           1       10584      978943+   6  FAT16

Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

2.2 Create three primary partitions and one extended partition

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-10948, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-10948, default 10948): +100M

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1108      102489+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (1109-10948, default 1109):
Using default value 1109
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1109-10948, default 10948): +200M

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3
First cylinder (3324-10948, default 3324):
Using default value 3324
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (3324-10948, default 10948): +100M

Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
e
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (4432-10948, default 4432):
Using default value 4432
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4432-10948, default 10948):
Using default value 10948

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1108      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1109        3323      204887+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            3324        4431      102490   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4            4432       10948      602822+   5  Extended

2.3 Create one logical partition inside extended partition

Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (4432-10948, default 4432):
Using default value 4432
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (4432-10948, default 10948): +100M

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1108      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1109        3323      204887+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            3324        4431      102490   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4            4432       10948      602822+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5            4432        5539      102489+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (5540-10948, default 5540):
Using default value 5540
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (5540-10948, default 10948):
Using default value 10948

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1108      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1109        3323      204887+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            3324        4431      102490   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4            4432       10948      602822+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5            4432        5539      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb6            5540       10948      500332   83  Linux

2.4 Save the partition tables and recheck the table

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
185 heads, 1 sectors/track, 10948 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 185 * 512 = 94720 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1        1108      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb2            1109        3323      204887+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb3            3324        4431      102490   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4            4432       10948      602822+   5  Extended
/dev/sdb5            4432        5539      102489+  83  Linux
/dev/sdb6            5540       10948      500332   83  Linux
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

3. Create partitions through shell script

Soemtimes it is needed to do disk partition in an automatic way. See below that all above steps can be automated:

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# D="p\nd\np\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P1="n\np\n1\n\n+100M\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P2="n\np\n2\n\n+100M\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P3="n\np\n3\n\n+100M\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P4="n\ne\n\n\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P5="n\n\n+100M\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# P6="n\n\n\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# FINAL="p\nw\nq\n"
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# echo -e $D$P1$P2$P3$P4$P5$P6$FINAL | fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help):
Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
32 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1020 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1984 * 512 = 1015808 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         104      103137   83  Linux

Command (m for help): Selected partition 1

Command (m for help):
Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
32 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1020 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1984 * 512 = 1015808 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
Partition number (1-4): First cylinder (1-1020, default 1): Using default value 1
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1020, default 1020):
Command (m for help): Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
Partition number (1-4): First cylinder (105-1020, default 105): Using default value 105
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (105-1020, default 1020):
Command (m for help): Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
Partition number (1-4): First cylinder (209-1020, default 209): Using default value 209
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (209-1020, default 1020):
Command (m for help): Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (313-1020, default 313): Using default value 313
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (313-1020, default 1020): Using default value 1020

Command (m for help): First cylinder (313-1020, default 313): Using default value 313
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (313-1020, default 1020):
Command (m for help): First cylinder (417-1020, default 417): Using default value 417
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (417-1020, default 1020): Using default value 1020

Command (m for help):
Disk /dev/sdb: 1037 MB, 1037041664 bytes
32 heads, 62 sectors/track, 1020 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1984 * 512 = 1015808 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc3072e18

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1         104      103137   83  Linux
/dev/sdb2             105         208      103168   83  Linux
/dev/sdb3             209         312      103168   83  Linux
/dev/sdb4             313        1020      702336    5  Extended
/dev/sdb5             313         416      103137   83  Linux
/dev/sdb6             417        1020      599137   83  Linux

Command (m for help): The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

4. Make file system on the partition

Now the disk /dev/sdb has been partitioned nicely. To use the parition, first we need make a file system on the partition, let’s pick partition /dev/sdb2 t be ext2 file system; /dev/sdb3 to be ext3 file system, and /dev/sdb5 to be ext4 file system.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb2
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25792 inodes, 103168 blocks
5158 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1984 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb3
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25792 inodes, 103168 blocks
5158 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1984 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 20 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb5
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
25792 inodes, 103136 blocks
5156 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
13 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1984 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729

Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a
        filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)
        or lower inode count (-N).

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

Remeber here that /dev/sdb4 is an extended partition, It can not be formated to certain file system.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
mkfs.ext4: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a
        filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)
        or lower inode count (-N).

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sdb4
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
mkfs.ext2: inode_size (128) * inodes_count (0) too big for a
        filesystem with 0 blocks, specify higher inode_ratio (-i)
        or lower inode count (-N).

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#

5. Mount the partition for OS to use

Now the partitions /dev/sdb2 , /dev/sdb3, /dev/sdb5 are formatted with ext2, ext3, ext4 file system, they can be mounted and used.

[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mkdir /mnt/usb2 /mnt/usb3 /mnt/usb5
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/usb2
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mount /dev/sdb3 /mnt/usb3
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# mount /dev/sdb5 /mnt/usb5
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# touch /mnt/ubs2/readme2.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# touch /mnt/usb2/readme2.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# touch /mnt/usb3/readme3.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# touch /mnt/usb5/readme5.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# ls -l  /mnt/usb2/readme2.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug  8 16:13 /mnt/usb2/readme2.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# ls -l  /mnt/usb3/readme3.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug  8 16:13 /mnt/usb3/readme3.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# ls -l  /mnt/usb5/readme5.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug  8 16:13 /mnt/usb5/readme5.txt
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]# umount /mnt/usb[235]
[root@sg-centos-hv1 scratch]#